Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in toothpaste to prevent cavities. Although it occurs in small amounts in plants, animals, and some natural water sources, and has effects on the formation of dental enamel and bones, it is not considered to be a dietary essential and no deficiency signs are known. Sodium fluoride (NaF) is the most common form; some brands usesodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) or olaflur. Much of the toothpaste sold in the United States has 1000 to 1100 parts per million fluoride ion from one of these active ingredients, in the UK the fluoride content is often higher, a NaF of 0.32% w/w (1,450 ppm fluoride) is not uncommon. This consistency leads some to conclude that cheap toothpaste is just as good as expensive toothpaste. When the magazine Consumer Reports rated toothpastes in 1998, 30 of the 38 were judged excellent. Application of fluoride also prevents moisture build-up in some surfaces. Other ingredients are less commonly used, including Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and calcium phosphate for remineralization, and strontium chloride or potassium nitrate to reduce sensitivity.
Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is an active ingredient in some toothpastes, used to prevent gingivitis. Triclosan is a common toothpaste ingredient in the UK.
